![]() Wooden posts and beams formed structures that builders covered with grass and adobe. Initially, Hohokam dwellings were “pithouses.” People dug shallow pits and built houses in them. Just as the O’odham see a Huhugam continuum, archaeologists have verified that Hohokam traditions were rooted in a much deeper past in the Sonoran Desert. We are beginning to see the origins of Hohokam irrigation technology among much earlier communities along the Santa Cruz River in Tucson, where maize dates back to 2200 B.C., and probably earlier. The magnitude of these systems is best attested in the Phoenix area, where hundreds of miles of canals tapped the life-sustaining waters of the Gila and Salt Rivers. Notably, Hohokam communities built extensive canal systems to water vast fields of corn, beans, squash, and cotton. Unique styles of decorated pottery, specific architectural traditions, and other shared customs distinguish these ancestral people from their neighbors. Over a millennium, farmers, craftspeople, and traders established large, permanent villages in the river valleys of central and southern Arizona. ![]() Still, it is important to understand that what archaeologists identify materially as “Hohokam” more likely represents an ideology-a way of thinking-that itself varied across the Hohokam landscape and across those thousand years. ![]() 400 to 1450-which researchers call “Hohokam”-as something distinct from what came before and what followed. Archaeologists recognize the material culture of the ancestors who lived from about A.D. O’odham peoples of the Sonoran Desert refer to their ancestors, from time immemorial to the present, as Huhugam.
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